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What Type of Family Was Shakespeare Born Into

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Overview of the life of William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare was an actor, playwright, poet, and theatre entrepreneur in London during the late Elizabethan and early Jacobean eras. He was baptised on 26 Apr 1564[a] in Stratford-upon-Avon in Warwickshire, England, in the Holy Trinity Church. At the age of 18 he married Anne Hathaway with whom he had three children. He died in his home town of Stratford on 23 April 1616, anile 52. Though more is known about Shakespeare'south life than those of most other Elizabethan and Jacobean writers, few personal biographical facts survive, which is unsurprising in the low-cal of his social status equally a commoner, the low esteem in which his profession was held, and the full general lack of interest of the time in the personal lives of writers.[two] [3] [4] [5] [6] Data virtually his life derives from public rather than private documents: vital records, real estate and revenue enhancement records, lawsuits, records of payments, and references to Shakespeare and his works in printed and hand-written texts. Nevertheless, hundreds of biographies take been written and more than keep to be, near of which rely on inferences and the historical context of the 70 or so hard facts recorded nearly Shakespeare the man, a technique that sometimes leads to embellishment or unwarranted interpretation of the documented record.[7] [viii]

Early life [edit]

Family origins [edit]

William Shakespeare[b] was born in Stratford-upon-Avon. His exact engagement of birth is not known—the baptismal record was dated 26 April 1564—merely has been traditionally taken to be 23 Apr 1564, which is also the Feast Twenty-four hours of Saint George, the patron saint of England. He was the first son and the first surviving child in the family; two earlier children, Joan and Margaret, had died early.[9] Then a market town of near 2000 residents approximately 100 miles (160 km) northwest of London, Stratford was a centre for the marketing, distribution, and slaughter of sheep; for hide tanning and wool trading; and for supplying malt to brewers of ale and beer.

His parents were John Shakespeare, a successful glover originally from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, and Mary Arden, the youngest girl of John's father'southward landlord, a member of the local gentry. The couple married effectually 1557 and lived on Henley Street when Shakespeare was born, purportedly in a house now known as Shakespeare'due south Birthplace. They had 8 children: Joan (baptised 15 September 1558, died in infancy), Margaret (bap. ii December 1562 – buried 30 April 1563), William, Gilbert (bap. thirteen October 1566 – bur. 2 February 1612), Joan (bap. 15 April 1569 – bur. four Nov 1646), Anne (bap. 28 September 1571 – bur. 4 April 1579), Richard (bap. 11 March 1574 – bur. 4 February 1613) and Edmund (bap. 3 May 1580 – bur. London, 31 December 1607).[ten]

Shakespeare'due south family was above average materially during his childhood. His begetter'southward business was thriving at the time of William'due south birth. John Shakespeare owned several properties in Stratford and had a profitable—though illegal—sideline of dealing in wool. He was appointed to several municipal offices and served as an alderman in 1565, culminating in a term as bailiff, the chief magistrate of the town quango, in 1568. For reasons unclear to history he fell upon hard times, beginning in 1576, when William was 12.[eleven] He was prosecuted for unlicensed dealing in wool and for usury, and he mortgaged and subsequently lost some lands he had obtained through his married woman'southward inheritance that would accept been inherited by his eldest son. After four years of non-attendance at council meetings, he was finally replaced as burgess in 1586.

Boyhood and education [edit]

A shut assay of Shakespeare's works compared with the standard curriculum of the fourth dimension confirms that Shakespeare had received a grammer school education.[12] [13] [fourteen] [15] [16] The Rex Edward VI School at Stratford was on Church building Street, less than a quarter of a mile from Shakespeare'due south home and inside a few yards from where his father sabbatum on the town council. It was gratuitous to all male children and the evidence indicates that John Shakespeare sent his sons in that location for a grammar schoolhouse education, though no omnipresence records survive. Shakespeare would accept been enrolled when he was 7, in 1571.[17] [12] Classes were held every twenty-four hours except on Sundays, with a one-half-day off on Thursdays, twelvemonth-round. The school mean solar day typically ran from 6 a.m. to 5 p.m., with a two-hour break for lunch, from seven a.m. to 4 p.m. in winter.

Grammar schools varied in quality during the Elizabethan era, just the grammar curriculum was standardised by royal decree throughout England,[xviii] [xix] and the school would have provided an intensive education in Latin grammer and literature—"as good a formal literary grooming equally had whatsoever of his contemporaries".[20] Near of the twenty-four hour period was spent in the rote learning of Latin. By the time he was 10, Shakespeare was translating Cicero, Terence, Virgil and Ovid. Equally a role of this education, the students performed Latin plays to better understand rhetoric. By the end of their studies at age xiv, grammar school pupils were quite familiar with the swell Latin authors, and with Latin drama and rhetoric.[21]

Shakespeare is unique among his contemporaries in the extent of figurative language derived from state life and nature.[22] The familiarity with the animals and plants of the English countryside exhibited in his poems and plays, specially the early ones, suggests that he lived the babyhood of a typical country boy, with easy access to rural nature and a propensity for outdoor sports, especially hunting.[23] [24] [25]

Marriage [edit]

On 27 November 1582, Shakespeare was issued a special licence to marry Anne Hathaway, the daughter of the belatedly Richard Hathaway, a yeoman farmer of Shottery, about a mile west of Stratford (the clerk mistakenly recorded the name "Anne Whateley").[26] He was 18 and she was 26. The licence, issued by the consistory court of the diocese of Worcester, 21 miles west of Stratford, immune the 2 to marry with simply one proclamation of the marriage banns in church instead of the customary three successive Sundays.[27]

Since he was under age and could not stand as surety, and since Hathaway's father had died, two of Hathaway's neighbours - Fulk Sandalls and John Richardson - posted a bond of £xl the next twenty-four hour period to ensure: that no legal impediments existed to the union; that the bride had the consent of her "friends" (persons acting in lieu of parents or guardians if she was under age); and to indemnify the bishop issuing the licence from any possible liability for the wife and any children should any impediment nullify the marriage.[28] [29] Neither the exact mean solar day, nor place, of their marriage is not known.

The reason for the special licence became apparent half dozen months subsequently with the baptism of their first daughter, Susanna, on 26 May 1583. Their twin children - a son Hamnet and a daughter Judith (named after Shakespeare's neighbours Hamnet and Judith Sadler) were baptised on 2 February 1585, before Shakespeare was 21 years of historic period.

Lost years [edit]

After the baptism of the twins in 1585, and except for being party to a lawsuit to recover part of his mother'southward manor which had been mortgaged and lost by default, Shakespeare leaves no historical traces until Robert Greene jealously alludes to him as office of the London theatrical scene in 1592. This seven-year period - known as the "lost years" to Shakespeare scholars - was filled by early biographers with inferences drawn from local traditions and by more than recent biographers with surmises about the onset of his acting career deduced from textual and bibliographic hints and the surviving records of the various troupes of players, acting at that fourth dimension. While this lack of records bars any certainty nigh his activity during those years, it is sure that by the time of Greene'southward attack on the 28-year-old, Shakespeare had caused a reputation as an actor and burgeoning playwright.

Shakespeare myths [edit]

Shakespeare Before Thomas Lucy, a typical Victorian illustration of the poaching anecdote

Several hypotheses have been put forth to account for his life during this time, and a number of accounts are given by his earliest biographers.

Co-ordinate to Shakespeare'due south first biographer Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare fled Stratford after he got in problem for poaching deer from local squire Thomas Lucy, and that he and so wrote a scurrilous ballad virtually Lucy. It is also reported, co-ordinate to a note added by Samuel Johnson to the 1765 edition of Rowe's Life, that Shakespeare minded the horses for theatre patrons in London. Johnson adds that the story had been told to Alexander Pope by Rowe.[30]

In his Brief Lives, written 1669–96, John Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had been a "schoolmaster in the state" on the authority of William Beeston, son of Christopher Beeston, who had acted with Shakespeare in Every Homo in His Humour (1598) as a beau fellow member of the Lord Chamberlain'south Men.[31]

Afterwards speculation [edit]

In 1985 E.A.J Honigmann proposed that Shakespeare acted every bit a schoolmaster in Lancashire,[32] on the evidence plant in the 1581 volition of a member of the Houghton family, referring to plays and play-apparel and asking his kinsman Thomas Hesketh to accept care of "William Shakeshaft, now dwelling with me". Honigmann proposed that John Cottam, Shakespeare's reputed last schoolmaster, recommended the swain.

Another idea is that Shakespeare may have joined Queen Elizabeth's Men in 1587, afterwards the sudden death of role player William Knell in a fight while on a tour which after took in Stratford. Samuel Schoenbaum speculates that, "Maybe Shakespeare took Knell'due south identify and thus found his fashion to London and stage-land."[33] Shakespeare'south father John, as High Bailiff of Stratford, was responsible for the credence and welfare of visiting theatrical troupes.[34]

London and theatrical career [edit]

Shakespeare's signature, from his will

Though Shakespeare is known today primarily as a playwright and poet, his main occupation was as a thespian and sharer in an acting troupe. How or when Shakespeare got into interim is unknown. The profession was unregulated by a guild that could have established restrictions on new entrants to the profession—actors were literally "masterless men"—and several avenues existed to intermission into the field in the Elizabethan era.[35] [36]

Certainly Shakespeare had many opportunities to run across professional playing companies in his youth. Earlier beingness allowed to perform for the general public, touring playing companies were required to present their play earlier the town council to exist licensed. Players first acted in Stratford in 1568, the year that John Shakespeare was bailiff. Before Shakespeare turned 20, the Stratford town quango had paid for at to the lowest degree 18 performances by at to the lowest degree 12 playing companies. In one playing season alone, that of 1586–87, five different acting troupes visited Stratford.[37] [38]

By 1592 Shakespeare was a player/playwright in London, and he had enough of a reputation for Robert Greene to denounce him in the posthumous Greenes, Groats-worth of Witte, bought with a one thousand thousand of Repentance as "an upstart crow, beautified with our feathers, that with his Tygers hart wrapt in a Players hyde, supposes he is as well able to bombast out a blanke verse as the best of y'all: and existence an accented Johannes factotum, is in his owne conceit the onely Shake-scene in a countrey." (The italicized line parodies the phrase, "Oh, tiger's heart wrapped in a woman'southward hide" from Shakespeare's Henry VI, role 3.)[39]

By late 1594, Shakespeare was function-possessor of a playing company, known every bit the Lord Chamberlain'south Men—like others of the period, the company took its name from its aristocratic sponsor, in this case the Lord Chamberlain. The group became then popular that, later the death of Elizabeth I and the coronation of James I (1603), the new monarch adopted the visitor, which and then became known every bit the Rex's Men, afterwards the death of their previous sponsor. Shakespeare's works are written inside the frame of reference of the career histrion, rather than a member of the learned professions or from scholarly book-learning.[c]

The Shakespeare family had long sought armorial bearings and the status of gentleman. William's male parent John, a bailiff of Stratford with a wife of proficient birth, was eligible for a coat of arms and practical to the College of Heralds, only evidently his worsening financial condition prevented him from obtaining it. The application was successfully renewed in 1596, virtually probably at the instigation of William himself every bit he was the more prosperous at the time. The motto "Not sanz droict" ("Not without right") was attached to the application, but information technology was not used on whatever armorial displays that take survived. The theme of social status and restoration runs deep through the plots of many of his plays, and at times Shakespeare seems to mock his own longing.[41]

By 1596, Shakespeare had moved to the parish of St. Helen's, Bishopsgate, and past 1598 he appeared at the top of a list of actors in Every Man in His Humour written by Ben Jonson. He is also listed among the actors in Jonson'southward Sejanus His Fall. Besides by 1598, his name began to appear on the title pages of his plays, presumably equally a selling indicate.[ citation needed ]

At that place is a tradition that Shakespeare, in addition to writing many of the plays his company enacted and concerned with business organization and financial details every bit function-owner of the company, continued to act in various parts, such as the ghost of Hamlet's father, Adam in Every bit You Similar Information technology, and the Chorus in Henry V.[42]

He appears to have moved across the River Thames to Southwark sometime around 1599. In 1604, Shakespeare acted as a matchmaker for his landlord's girl. Legal documents from 1612, when the instance was brought to trial, bear witness that Shakespeare was a tenant of Christopher Mountjoy, a Huguenot tire-maker (a maker of ornamental headdresses) in the northwest of London in 1604. Mountjoy's amateur Stephen Bellott wanted to marry Mountjoy's girl. Shakespeare was enlisted as a become-between, to help negotiate the terms of the dowry. On Shakespeare'south assurances, the couple married. Eight years later, Bellott sued his father-in-constabulary for delivering only part of the dowry. During the Bellott v Mountjoy case one witness, in a deposition, said that Christopher Mountjoy chosen on Shakespeare and encouraged him to persuade Stephen Belott to the wedlock of his girl. Then Shakespeare was called to show, and according to the tape, said that Belott was "a very good and industrious servant". Shakespeare then contradicted the deposition, and testified that information technology was Mountjoy's married woman who had invited and encouraged Shakespeare to persuade Belott to ally the Mountjoy'south daughter. When it came to specifics virtually the size of the dowry and promised inheritance due the daughter, Shakespeare did non remember. A 2nd prepare of questions was prepared for Shakespeare to testify again, merely that appears not to have happened. The case was so turned over to the elders of the Huguenot church for arbitration.[43]

Concern affairs [edit]

By the early on 17th century, Shakespeare had become very prosperous. Most of his coin went to secure his family unit's position in Stratford. Shakespeare himself seems to take lived in rented accommodation while in London. Co-ordinate to John Aubrey, he travelled to Stratford to stay with his family for a period each year.[44] Shakespeare grew rich enough to buy the second-largest firm in Stratford, New Place, which he acquired in 1597 for £60 from William Underhill. The Stratford chamberlain's accounts in 1598 tape a sale of rock to the council from "Mr Shaxpere", which may have been related to remodelling work on the newly purchased house.[45] The purchase was thrown into dubiousness when evidence emerged that Underhill, who died shortly later the sale, had been poisoned by his oldest son, merely the sale was confirmed by the new heir Hercules Underhill when he came of age in 1602.[46]

In 1598 the local council ordered an investigation into the hoarding of grain, as there had been a run of bad harvests causing a steep increment in prices. Speculators were acquiring excess quantities in the promise of profiting from scarcity. The survey includes Shakespeare's household, recording that he possessed ten-quarters of malt. This has often been interpreted every bit evidence that he was listed as a hoarder. Others contend that Shakespeare's holding was not unusual. According to Mark Eccles, "the schoolmaster, Mr. Aspinall, had xi quarters, and the vicar, Mr. Byfield, had six of his own and iv of his sis'southward".[45] Samuel Schoenbaum and B.R. Lewis, however, suggest that he purchased the malt equally an investment, since he later sued a neighbour, Philip Rogers, for an unpaid debt for xx bushels of malt.[45] Bruce Boehrer argues that the sale to Rogers, over 6 installments, was a kind of "wholesale to retail" arrangement, since Rogers was an apothecary who would have used the malt as raw material for his products.[45] Boehrer comments that,

Shakespeare had established himself in Stratford equally the keeper of a great business firm, the possessor of large gardens and granaries, a man with generous stores of barley which i could purchase, at need, for a toll. In short, he had become an entrepreneur specialising in real estate and agricultural products, an aspect of his identity further enhanced past his investments in local farmland and farm produce.[47]

Shakespeare's biggest acquisitions were country holdings and a lease on tithes in Onetime Stratford, to the north of the town. He bought a share in the lease on tithes for £440 in 1605, giving him income from grain and hay, as well as from wool, lamb and other items in Stratford town. He purchased 107 acres of farmland for £320 in 1607, making ii local farmers his tenants. Boehrer suggests he was pursuing an "overall investment strategy aimed at controlling as much equally possible of the local grain marketplace", a strategy that was highly successful.[47] In 1614 Shakespeare's profits were potentially threatened past a dispute over enclosure, when local businessman William Combe attempted to take control of common land in Welcombe, role of the expanse over which Shakespeare had leased tithes. The boondocks clerk Thomas Greene, who opposed the enclosure, recorded a conversation with Shakespeare near the issue. Shakespeare said he believed the enclosure would not go through, a prediction that turned out to be correct. Greene likewise recorded that Shakespeare had told Greene'south brother that "I was not able to comport the enclosing of Welcombe". Information technology is unclear from the context whether Shakespeare is speaking of his own feelings, or referring to Thomas'south opposition.[d]

Shakespeare's last major purchase was in March 1613, when he bought an apartment in a gatehouse in the onetime Blackfriars priory;[51] The Gatehouse was near Blackfriars theatre, which Shakespeare'south company used as their winter playhouse from 1608. The purchase was probably an investment, equally Shakespeare was living mainly in Stratford by this time, and the apartment was rented out to one John Robinson. Robinson may be the same man recorded as a labourer in Stratford, in which case information technology is possible he worked for Shakespeare. He may be the same John Robinson who was one of the witnesses to Shakespeare's will.[52]

Later on years and death [edit]

Rowe was the first biographer to pass down the tradition that Shakespeare retired to Stratford some years before his death;[53] merely retirement from all work was uncommon at that fourth dimension,[54] and Shakespeare continued to visit London. In 1612 he was chosen as a witness in the Bellott v Mountjoy case.[55] [56] A year subsequently he was dorsum in London to make the Gatehouse purchase.

In June 1613 Shakespeare's daughter Susanna was slandered by John Lane, a local human who claimed she had caught gonorrhea from a lover. Susanna and her husband Dr John Hall sued for slander. Lane failed to appear and was bedevilled. From November 1614 Shakespeare was in London for several weeks with his son-in-police force, Hall.[57]

In the concluding few weeks of Shakespeare's life, the man who was to marry his younger daughter Judith — a tavern-keeper named Thomas Quiney — was charged in the local church courtroom with "fornication". A woman named Margaret Wheeler had given birth to a child and claimed it was Quiney's; she and the child both died shortly subsequently. Quiney was thereafter disgraced, and Shakespeare revised his will to ensure that Judith's involvement in his estate was protected from possible malfeasance on Quiney's part.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616 (the presumed day of his nascency and the feast twenty-four hours of St. George, patron of England), at the reputed age of 52.[due east] He died within a month of signing his will, a document which he begins past describing himself as being in "perfect health". No extant gimmicky source explains how or why he died. Afterwards half a century had passed, John Ward, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton and Ben Jonson had a merry coming together and, it seems, drank too hard, for Shakespeare died of a fever at that place contracted."[58] [59] It is certainly possible he caught a fever later such a meeting, for Shakespeare knew Jonson and Drayton. Of the tributes that started to come up from fellow authors, one — by James Mabbe printed in the First Folio — refers to his relatively early on expiry: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st then soon / From the world'due south stage to the grave's tiring room."[threescore]

Shakespeare was survived by his wife Anne and by two daughters, Susanna and Judith. His son Hamnet had died in 1596. His last surviving descendant was his granddaughter Elizabeth Hall, daughter of Susanna and John Hall. At that place are no direct descendants of the poet and playwright alive today, but the diarist John Aubrey recalls in his Brief Lives that William Davenant, his godson, was "contented" to exist believed Shakespeare's bodily son. Davenant's female parent was the wife of a vintner at the Crown Tavern in Oxford, on the route between London and Stratford, where Shakespeare would stay when travelling between his domicile and the majuscule.[61]

Shakespeare'due south gravestone.

Shakespeare is buried in the chancel of Holy Trinity Church building in Stratford-upon-Avon. He was granted the laurels of burial in the chancel not because of his fame every bit a playwright but because he had purchased a share of the tithe in the church building for £440 (a considerable sum of money at the time). A monument on the wall nearest his grave, probably placed by his family,[62] features a bust showing Shakespeare posed in the human action of writing. Every year, on his assumed altogether, a new quill pen is placed in the writing hand of the bust. He is believed to take written the epitaph on his tombstone.[63]

Expert friend, for Jesus' sake forbear,
To dig the dust enclosed here.
Blest exist the man that spares these stones,
And cursed be he that moves my bones.

Run into also [edit]

  • Shakespeare's Fashion
  • Religious views of William Shakespeare
  • Reputation of William Shakespeare

Notes and references [edit]

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ Dates follow the Julian calendar, used in England throughout Shakespeare's lifespan, just with the beginning of the year adjusted to i January (see Erstwhile Style and New Mode dates). Under the Gregorian calendar, adopted in Cosmic countries in 1582, Shakespeare died on 3 May, 1616[1]
  2. ^ As well spelled Shakspere, Shaksper and Shake-speare, every bit spelling in Elizabethan times was not stock-still and absolute. See Spelling of Shakespeare'southward proper noun.
  3. ^ William Neilson, in his book The Facts about Shakespeare (1915), writes: "Records amply establish the identity between Shakespeare the actor and the writer. ... The extent of ascertainment and knowledge in the plays is, indeed, remarkable but information technology is not accompanied by whatsoever indication of thorough scholarship, or a detailed connection with any profession outside of the theater...".[40]
  4. ^ Schoenbaum concludes that "any attempt to interpret the passage is guesswork, and no more".[48] Lois Potter suggests that the word "bear" (spelled "beare" in the original) was intended for "bar"—meaning that Greene would not be able to finish the enclosure. [49] [50]
  5. ^ His age and the date are inscribed in Latin on his funerary monument: AETATIS 53 Die 23 Apr.

References [edit]

  1. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 15.
  2. ^ Bate 1998, p. four.
  3. ^ Southworth 2000, p. 5.
  4. ^ Wells 1997, pp. iv–5.
  5. ^ Bryson 2007, pp. 17–xix.
  6. ^ Halliwell-Phillipps 1907, pp. five–half dozen.
  7. ^ Holderness 2011, p. 19.
  8. ^ Ellis 2012, pp. x–11.
  9. ^ Potter 2012, pp. ane, 10.
  10. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. one–2.
  11. ^ Schoone-Jongen 2008, p. xiii.
  12. ^ a b Honan 1999, p. 43.
  13. ^ Potter 2012, p. 48.
  14. ^ Bate 1998, p. eight.
  15. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 62–63.
  16. ^ Ellis 2012, p. 41.
  17. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 63.
  18. ^ Baldwin 1944, pp. 179–180, 183.
  19. ^ Cressy 1975, pp. 28–29.
  20. ^ Baldwin 1944, pp. 117, 663.
  21. ^ Bate 1998, pp. 83–87.
  22. ^ Chambers 1930a, p. 287.
  23. ^ Chambers 1930a, pp. 254, 545.
  24. ^ Ellis 2012, pp. 42–43.
  25. ^ Spurgeon 2004, pp. 30–31.
  26. ^ Schoone-Jongen 2008, p. 11.
  27. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 75–79.
  28. ^ Chambers 1930b, pp. 43–46.
  29. ^ Loomis 2002, pp. 17–18.
  30. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, p. 75.
  31. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 110–111.
  32. ^ Honigmann 1985, pp. 41–48.
  33. ^ Schoenbaum 1979, p. 43.
  34. ^ Pierce 2006, p. iii.
  35. ^ Bentley 1984, p. vi.
  36. ^ Ingram 2000, p. 155. sfn error: no target: CITEREFIngram2000 (help)
  37. ^ Schoone-Jongen 2008, p. 15.
  38. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 115.
  39. ^ Schoenbaum 1977, pp. 151–158.
  40. ^ Neilson 1915, pp. 164–165.
  41. ^ Greenblatt 2005, pp. 76–86.
  42. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 234–236.
  43. ^ Rowse 1963, p. 337-339.
  44. ^ Honan 2015.
  45. ^ a b c d Boehrer 2013, pp. 88–89.
  46. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, p. 234.
  47. ^ a b Boehrer 2013, p. 90.
  48. ^ Schoenbaum 1987, pp. 284–285.
  49. ^ Potter 2012, p. 404.
  50. ^ Palmer & Palmer 1999, p. 96.
  51. ^ Schoenbaum 1977, pp. 272–274.
  52. ^ Pogue 2006, pp. 42–43.
  53. ^ Ackroyd 2006, p. 476.
  54. ^ Honan 1999, pp. 382–383.
  55. ^ Honan 1999, p. 326.
  56. ^ Ackroyd 2006, pp. 462–464.
  57. ^ Honan 1999, p. 387.
  58. ^ Schoenbaum 1991, p. 78.
  59. ^ Rowse 1963, p. 453.
  60. ^ Kinney 2012, p. 11.
  61. ^ Schoenbaum 1977, pp. 224–227.
  62. ^ Holderness 2001, pp. 152–154.
  63. ^ Schoenbaum 1977, pp. 306–307.

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  • Schoenbaum, Due south. (1979). Shakespeare: The Globe & the World. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-502645-4.
  • Schoenbaum, S. (1987). William Shakespeare: A Compact Documentary Life (Revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN978-0-xix-505161-2.
  • Schoenbaum, S. (1991). Shakespeare's Lives (Revised ed.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN0-nineteen-818618-v.
  • Schoone-Jongen, Terence (2008). Shakespeare'south Companies: William Shakespeare's Early Career and the Interim Companies, 1577-1594. Studies in Performance and Early on Modern Drama. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN978-0-7546-6434-5.
  • Southworth, John (2000). Shakespeare the Player: A Life in the Theatre. Sutton. ISBN978-0-7509-2312-5.
  • Spurgeon, Caroline (2004). Shakespeare'south Imagery and What It Tells Us. Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-521-06538-0.
  • Wells, Stanley (1997). Shakespeare: A Life in Drama. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN0-393-31562-2.

External links [edit]

  • Shakespeare Documented an online exhibition documenting Shakespeare in his ain time.
  • The Cyberspace Shakespeare Editions provides an extensive section on his life and times.
  • The Shakespeare Resource Center A directory of Web resource for online Shakespearean written report. Includes a Shakespeare biography, works timeline, play synopses, and language resources.
  • Documenting the Early on Years and Documenting the Afterwards Years are ii interactive manufactures written by Michael Wood.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_of_William_Shakespeare

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